Q. Recently I was adding new electrical wiring in my 80-year-old home. I discovered it did not have any fire stopping or fire blocks within the walls. Does the building code require me to install fire blocks at this time? Are they necessary? Is there an alternative material other than adding solid wood blocking? Can I use foam?
— Gary F., Knoxville, Tenn.
A. Talk with any seasoned firefighter and he will tell you that fire stops or fire blocks within walls are both life- and property-savers. The reason fire stopping is part of the modern building codes is not an accident or an exercise to waste lumber. Many people have died and others have been seriously injured in older structures that did not have this simple framing component installed when they were built.
A fire stop, when properly installed, does exactly what it says. It stops the spread or advancement of fire from one section of a structure to another.
The second house I owned had balloon framing; this type of construction is a firefighter’s worst nightmare. You could actually go up into the third-floor attic of that house and drop a stone or coin and it would end up on the basement floor seconds later. If a fire broke out in the basement, the flames would be sucked up into the walls and blast out like a blowtorch in the attic space.
If fire blocking or stopping is not in place, the space between each of the wall studs acts like its own high-velocity chimney.
But imagine what happens if you do put a solid piece of wood at the bottom and top of the wall in between all of the wall studs in this house. The bottom block stops the fire from getting into the wall cavity. If a fire starts within the wall, the top block stops the fire from getting into the attic.
It is important to add solid wood blocking as well if floor joists intersect a wall so that the fire can’t go up a wall and then sideways in between floor or ceiling joists.
Modern building methods create effective, instant fire stops or fire blocks. The continuous top and bottom wall plates at the ends of wall studs create this life-saving feature. Once a wall is covered with drywall and or plywood/OSB on both sides, the covering material creates separate sealed compartments between each stud cavity. Nothing can get from one stud cavity to the other unless you cut a hole in either a wall stud or the top and bottom wall plates.
Usually the building code is not retroactive. If it were, virtually every existing home in the United States would be in violation of the building code each time the code was upgraded. In most cities and towns, a house only needs to meet the building code that was in force at the time it was built.
That being said, you must check with your local building department to see what laws it has in place. Sometimes if a major remodeling job happens at a house, the building department may make you upgrade certain very important aspects of the house. But once again, each city and town has its own set of rules, so you must see what is required in your locality.
Some building officials will allow you to install fireproof batts that function like solid wood blocking. The batts stop the drafting of air and combustion gases in a wall cavity.
If you attempt to use foam, be sure it is approved for fire stopping. Some foam materials are highly flammable and produce toxic gas as they burn. Fireproof caulking is also widely available to stop drafting through holes and cracks.
If it is too costly and impractical to install fire stopping, you may look at a different alternative. Why not stop a fire from spreading by extinguishing it before it can spread into a wall cavity? You can do this with residential fire sprinklers. Once a sprinkler head is activated, it can often put out a fire in less than a minute. You may discover it is far less costly and much less intrusive to install sprinklers in strategic locations where fires commonly start.
Talk with your local fire department’s fire-prevention officers and let them tell you the top 10 places that fires start in a residential home. Have them do a fire inspection of your home at the same time to target places where dire danger is very high.
